Articles
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320 results found
Article
Quadruple screening test
The quadruple screening test, also known as the quad screen, AFP Plus quad test or multiple marker screening test, is a maternal antenatal screening blood test that can be used in conjunction with other investigations e.g. ultrasound soft markers, to estimate the risk of aneuploidy 1.
This is ...
Article
Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is the impairment of the body's immune system which can alter the ability of the body's defense mechanisms to prevent diseases, particularly certain infections, including opportunistic infections, and cancers.
Terminology
Patients with immunosuppression are said to be immuno...
Article
Mesenchyme
Mesenchyme, or mesenchymal connective tissue, is a type of undifferentiated connective tissue. It is predominantly derived from the embryonic mesoderm, although may be derived from other germ layers, e.g. mesenchyme derived from neural crest cells (ectoderm).
The term mesenchyme is often used t...
Article
Edema
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in tissues. It is caused by an imbalance between forces holding fluids in the vasculature and tissues 1. Fluids are normally held in a steady state between tissues and vasculature by homeostasis between these forces (Starling equation) 2:
capillary hydrostatic...
Article
Prostatic acid phosphatase
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) also known as prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) is an enzyme generated by prostatic glandular tissue.
Usage
It can be used in immunohistochemistry to identify prostatic tissue including prostatic epithelium and prostatic ducts and is usually expressed ...
Article
Transcriptome
The transcriptome refers to the set of all transcribed RNA, including the messenger RNA (mRNA), which is eventually is translated into proteins, as well as non-coding RNA molecules (e.g. transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNAs (rRNA), microRNA, etc.).
Unlike the genome, which is fixed (barring spo...
Article
Perivascular pseudorosettes (ependymoma)
Perivascular pseudorosettes are a common histologic feature of central nervous system ependymomas. They represent sections through papillary structures composed of tumor cells arranged radially around a central vessel. Between the central vessel and the tumor cells is a relatively microscopicall...
Article
Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)
Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) is a commonly used target for immunohistochemistry and is positive in many glial cells and tumors of glial origin. GFAP is the building block for intermediate filaments which are abundant in the cytoplasms particularly of astrocytes.
Related pathology
Alex...
Article
Neoplasm
Neoplasms, also known as tumors, are pathological masses, caused by cells abnormally proliferating and/or not appropriately dying. Neoplasms may be either benign or malignant. Malignant neoplasms are synonymous with cancers.
Benign neoplasms
clear origin (unless very large)
slow growth
usua...
Article
Eburnation
Eburnation describes the appearance of bone following a degenerative process in which subchondral or otherwise exposed bone acquires a non-anatomical sclerotic, microimpacted, and "polished" articular surface.
This phenomenon typically arises in one of two situations:
hypertrophic non-union of...
Article
CA 15-3
CA 15-3 is a tumor marker used in monitoring breast cancer. The test detects levels of MUC-1, a mucin protein in the blood. MUC-1 is thought to be important in the invasiveness and metastasization of cancer cells.
Physiology
Mucin-1 is a normal epithelial cellular glycoprotein localized to the...
Article
Myocardial fiber disarray
Myocardial disarray, myocardial fiber disarray or cardiac myocyte disarray refers to bizarre disorganization and texture of cardiac myocyte bundles, individual cardiomyocytes and contractile elements within the sarcomeres. It is an important histological feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy wh...
Article
CD34
CD34 or hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 is an intercellular adhesion protein and cell surface glycoprotein and a frequently used marker of hematopoietic progenitor cells and endothelial cells. It is also expressed by many other non-hematopoietic cell types including multipotent mesenc...
Article
Desmin
Desmin is a muscle-specific protein. It is the main intermediate filament protein and a key component in the cytoskeletal network of muscle cells e.g. in the myocardium, where it is ampler than in skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. It interacts with other proteins to support the myofibrils at the...
Article
Selenium
Selenium (chemical symbol Se) is one of the trace elements. It has a vital role in the metabolism of the thyroid hormones and for the functioning of several important enzymes.
Chemistry
Basic chemistry
Selenium has the atomic number 34 with an atomic weight of 78.96 g/mol. It is a non-metal a...
Article
Columnar cell hyperplasia of the breast
Columnar cell hyperplasia is part of the spectrum of columnar cell lesions of the breast characterized by enlarged terminal ductal lobular units lined by stratified (more than two layers) columnar epithelium, cellular crowding or overlapping without atypia.
It can also form tufts or mounds with...
Article
Columnar cell change without atypia (breast)
Columnar cell change without atypia breast lesions are characterized by enlarged terminal ductal lobular units lined by columnar epithelial cells which substitute the normal cuboid epithelial layer.
They are also associated with prominent apical cytoplasmic snouts and intraluminal secretions. ...
Article
Granuloma
Granulomas are organized conglomerates of histiocytes, a specialized white blood cell 1. They form by the process of granulomatous inflammation, which is a specific type of chronic inflammation that occurs following cellular injury as a response to the mediators that are released. A broad range ...
Article
BRAF
BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase) is a proto-oncogene, encoding for a serine/threonine protein kinase. Mutations of BRAF are the most common alteration of the RAS/MAPK pathway and these have been identified in a variety of tumors and congenital syndromes including 1-5: ...
Article
Staghorn pattern of vascularity
The staghorn pattern of vascularity is a pathological term describing a pattern of vascularity seen on low-power light microscopy. It is defined by multiple thin-walled, sharply-branched and jagged vessels having an "antler-like" or "staghorn-like" appearance 1.
It is classically described with...
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