Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,873 results found
Article
Brachial plexus injuries
Brachial plexus injuries are a spectrum of upper limb neurological deficits secondary to partial or complete injury to the brachial plexus, which provides the nerve supply of upper limb muscles.
Clinical presentation
Trauma, usually by motor vehicle accidents, involves severe traction on the ...
Article
Vasa vasorum
The vasa vasorum represents the supporting microvasculature of the larger caliber arteries and veins of the body.
Gross anatomy
The vasa vasorum has two subtypes in humans 2,3:
arterial vasa vasorum: arises from various arteries based on anatomical location (e.g. intercostal arteries for desc...
Article
Cardiac CT
Computed tomography of the heart or cardiac CT is routinely performed to gain knowledge about cardiac or coronary anatomy, to detect or diagnose coronary artery disease (CAD), to evaluate patency of coronary artery bypass grafts or implanted coronary stents or to evaluate volumetry and cardiac f...
Article
Pulmonary artery catheter
Pulmonary artery catheters (PAC or Swan-Ganz catheters) are balloon flotation catheters that are inserted into the pulmonary arteries. They can be inserted simply, quickly, with little training and without fluoroscopic guidance at the bedside, even in the seriously ill patient.
Usage
Historica...
Article
Spinning top urethra
Spinning top urethra is non-obstructive posterior urethral dilatation seen on voiding cystourethrography, mainly in females. It was initially considered as an indicator of distal urethral narrowing/stenosis. However, it is now believed to be due to functional discoordinate voiding or bladder ins...
Article
Modic type endplate changes
Modic type endplate changes represent a classification for vertebral body endplate MRI signal changes, first described in 1988 1. It is widely recognized by radiologists and clinicians and is a useful shorthand for reporting MRIs of the spine.
Modic type 1 has received renewed attention due to ...
Article
Alpha angle (cam morphology)
The alpha angle is a radiological measurement proposed for the detection of cam morphology, which is sometimes associated with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI).
Terminology
The term alpha angle is also used in a separate and unrelated context in the evaluation of developmental dysplasia of ...
Article
Prostatic leiomyoma
Prostatic leiomyomas are benign mesenchymal tumors of the prostate.
Epidemiology
Prostatic leiomyomas are very rare 1-3.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of prostatic leiomyoma is based on histology.
Clinical presentation
Prostatic leiomyomas can present with voiding difficulties or obstructive sym...
Article
Peroxisome biogenesis disorder
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are autosomal recessive, inborn errors of peroxisomes, a eukaryotic cell organelle critical to the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation.
Terminology
The terminology has changed to "severe", "intermediate", and "mild" forms of Zellw...
Article
Popliteofibular ligament
The popliteofibular ligament (PFL) belongs to the lateral supporting structures of the knee and is one of the three primary stabilizers of the posterolateral corner 1-6.
Gross anatomy
It is a flattened, thick, and fan-shaped structure of the width of the popliteus muscle and two divisions 1. I...
Article
Tick-borne encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a zoonotic disease, occurring as a result of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection, is a recognized flavivirus encephalitis and an increasingly considered differential diagnosis globally 1.
Epidemiology
Tick-borne encephalitis is endemic to Asian, east...
Article
Fractional flow reserve
Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a technique to evaluate the hemodynamic relevance of coronary artery stenoses 1,2. It is defined as "the ratio of maximal flow achievable in the stenotic coronary artery to the maximal flow achievable in the same coronary artery if it was normal" 1.
Fractional f...
Article
Atypical meningioma
Atypical meningioma refers to a more aggressive form of meningioma and denotes a WHO grade 2 tumor (along with two histological variants, clear cell meningioma and chordoid meningioma). Atypical meningiomas account for 20-30% of all meningiomas 1,2.
It should be noted that epidemiology, clinic...
Article
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma (ESOS) is a rare mesenchymal malignant tumor that occurs in the retroperitoneum and soft tissue of extremities without any attachment to bone.
Epidemiology
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma, in contrast to other subtypes of osteosarcoma, occurs infrequently in individuals <...
Article
Intramuscular myxoma
Intramuscular myxomas are a rare benign type of soft tissue myxoma that is mesenchymal in origin.
Epidemiology
The incidence is reported to be 1 in 1,000,000 and most frequently diagnosed in females (~57%) between 40-70 years 1.
Associations
fibrous dysplasia as part of Mazabraud syndrome
...
Article
Post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis
Post-primary tuberculosis is also known as reactivation tuberculosis or secondary tuberculosis. The typical upper zone predominant destructive pneumonia is due to an adaptive immune response in an immunocompetent host 1.
Pathology
Location
The upper zone predominance of pulmonary cavitation c...
Article
Wolman disease
Wolman disease is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism resulting in the deposition of fats in multiple organs. This presents on imaging by hepatosplenomegaly and enlarged calcified adrenals.
Clinical presentation
Patients with Wolman disease typically present during the first ...
Article
Minimal aortic injury
Minimal aortic injury (MAI) is a mild form of blunt traumatic aortic injury which are limited to the aortic intima and are recognized more frequently due to the use of high-resolution vascular imaging in trauma.
Epidemiology
Minimal aortic injuries account for 10-28% of all blunt traumatic aor...
Article
Valveless vein
The valveless veins are veins that lack venous valves. Most veins contain valves (known as the valvula venosa in the TA) to prevent backflow, i.e. ensuring that blood flow is always towards the heart 1.
It has been shown that veins that were previously thought to be valveless actually do have v...
Article
Tangent sign of supraspinatus muscle belly atrophy
The tangent sign is useful in helping to quantify supraspinatus muscle belly atrophy with a positive sign implicated with a poorer outcome after supraspinatus tendon tear repair.
Measurement
On a sagittal oblique plane, a line is drawn between the upper surface of the scapular spine and the up...
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