Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
359 results found
Article
Mediolateral oblique view
The mediolateral oblique (MLO) view is one of the two standard mammographic views, alongside the craniocaudal (CC) view.
It is the most important projection as it allows depiction of most breast tissue.
Adequacy
The representation of the pectoral muscle on the MLO view is a key component in...
Article
Mammography views
There are numerous mammography views that can broadly be split into two groups
standard views
supplementary views - additional information or problem solving
Standard views
Standard views are bilateral craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views, which comprise routine screening ...
Article
Tuberous breasts
Tuberous breasts are congenital deformities of breast. They are defined by reduced parenchymal volume and herniation of breast tissue through the nipple-areola complex.
Epidemiology
The exact incidence is not clear. However, it is a common cause of patients presenting with breast asymmetry. Pr...
Article
Dilated ducts on breast imaging (differential)
Dilated ducts on breast imaging may be seen on many breast imaging modalities and can arise from a number of causes which can be both benign or malignant.
physiological lactational changes
mammary duct ectasia
breast neoplasm 2-3
Article
Hyperechoic breast lesions
There are a number of lesions that appear hyperechoic on ultrasound. Such lesions can be either completely or partly hyperechoic and include both benign and malignant entities.
Benign
fat containing breast lesions
lipoma of the breast
fibroadenolipoma (hamartoma) of the breast
focal regions...
Article
Subcapsular line sign (intracapsular breast implant rupture)
The subcapsular line sign is a small localized leak from a silicone implant that leads to the formation of a thin layer of silicone between the implant shell and the fibrous capsule. It represents a minimally collapsed intracapsular breast implant rupture. It is best appreciated by MRI.
Article
Stepladder sign (intracapsular breast implant rupture)
The stepladder sign is a sonographic sign indicating an intracapsular breast implant rupture. It is considered the most reliable ultrasonographic finding in silicone gel breast implant intracapsular rupture. It is identified as multiple, discontinuous, parallel, linear echoes in the lumen, and i...
Article
Salad oil sign
The salad oil sign, also referred to as the droplet sign, is an MRI sign of breast implant rupture.
It is characterized by small rounded high T2 signal foci within a breast implant and represents water droplets or small amounts of gas within the silicone. It also can be characterized as hypoint...
Article
Linguine sign (breast)
Linguine sign, also known as the wavy line sign, is one of the imaging signs of intracapsular rupture of a breast implant 4.
Pathology
After implantation of a silicone or saline breast implant, a fibrous capsule (scar) forms around the implant shell. In an intracapsular rupture, the contents o...
Article
Keyhole sign (intracapsular breast implant rupture)
The keyhole or noose sign indicates an uncollapsed intracapsular breast implant rupture seen as the focal invagination of the implant shell caused by a small concealed leak of silicone outside shell where the two membranes do not contact each other. It is best appreciated on breast MRI.
Differe...
Article
Asymmetry in breast size
Asymmetry in breast size can arise from a number of factors.
Pathology
Breasts are rarely absolutely the same size or volume. Normal variation is common. Most females have slight discrepancies in breast size. Asymmetric progressive breast enlargement is unusual but known. The role of the breas...
Article
Breast ductography
Breast ductography (a.k.a. galactography) is an imaging technique which is used to evaluate lesions causing nipple discharge. It helps in precisely locating the mass within breast tissue and gives useful information for surgical approach and planning.
Technique
A blunt-tipped sialogram needle ...
Article
Benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound
Benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound allow the classification as either malignant, intermediate or benign based on work published by Stavros et al. in 1995.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
Malignant characteristics (with positive predictive values)
sonographi...
Article
Inferomedial superolateral oblique projection
Inferomedial superolateral oblique projection is useful for stereotactic biopsy positioning. This projection allows access to the inferior aspect of the breast to achieve shortest skin to abnormality distance. It is also useful in the nonconforming patient.
Technique
Rotate C arm to about 125°...
Article
Reversed CC view
The reversed CC view is an additional view. It is useful for the study of breasts with surgical scars in the lower quadrants. The ability to see the scar through the compressor paddle offers to the mammographer the possibility to flatten it properly, reducing the formation of scar folds as well ...
Article
Cleavage view
A cleavage view (also called "valley view") is a mammogram view that depicts the posteromedial portion of both breasts (the “valley” between the two breasts) by placing them on the cassette at the same time and pulling them anteriorly.
Manual technical factors should be used.
A cleavage view ...
Article
XCCM view
An XCCM view is a supplementary mammographic view. It is a type of exaggerated cranio-caudal view. It is particularly good for imaging the medial portion of the breast. In this view, the medial portion of the breast is placed forward. A negative 15° tube tilt is suggested.
An optimal XCCM view ...
Article
XCCL view
An XCCL view is a supplementary mammographic view. It is a type of exaggerated cranio-caudal view. It is particularly good for imaging the lateral aspect of the breast.
It is often done when a lesion is suspected on a MLO view but cannot be seen on the CC view. In this view, the lateral aspect...
Article
Axillary view
An axillary view (also known as a "Cleopatra view“) is a type of supplementary mammographic view. It is an exaggerated craniocaudal view for better imaging of the lateral portion of the breast to the axillary tail. This projection is performed whenever we want to show a lesion seen only in the a...
Article
Double spot compression view
A double spot compression view is obtained by focal compression of both sides of the breast to produce higher spatial and contrast resolution. This is made possible due to the increased amount of breast thinning and a significant decreased incidence of blurring because of decreased exposure time...
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