Articles
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536 results found
Article
Bern score
The Bern score is a predictive score derived from brain MRI findings in patients with suspected spontaneous intracranial hypotension. It stratifies patients into high, intermediate or low probability of finding a spinal CSF leak/CSF-venous fistula at myelography 1,2,4.
Usage
The Bern score hel...
Article
Choi response criteria
The solitary use of the size of the tumor during evaluation for response to chemotherapy has some pitfalls and limitations, especially for specific tumors such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).
The Choi response criteria for GIST proposed that tumor attenuation could provide an addition...
Article
Thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) scale
The thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) grading system was described in 2003 by Higashida et al. 1 as a tool for determining the response of thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. In neurointerventional radiology it is commonly used for patients post endovascular revascularization. Lik...
Article
Expanded treatment in cerebral infarction (eTICI) score
The expanded treatment in cerebral infarction (eTICI) score is modified from the modified treatment in cerebral infarction (mTICI) and thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) scales. It was published by the HERMES investigators in 2019 1.
Using modified Rankin scale (mRs) shift at 90 days as...
Article
Single phase CT angiographic collateral scores in acute stroke
There are several described single-phase CT angiography collateral scores for evaluating the status of collateral vessels in acute ischemic stroke. These scores have been shown to be reliable predictors of clinical outcomes and eligibility for endovascular clot retrieval 1.
Tan et al.
Based on...
Article
TOAST classification in acute ischemic stroke
The TOAST (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) classification denotes five etiologies of ischemic stroke.
large-artery atherosclerosis
cardioembolism
small-vessel occlusion (lacune)
stroke of other determined etiology
stroke of undetermined etiology
It is thought to carry good in...
Article
Odontoid fracture
Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2.
Pathology
The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5.
Classification
There are two...
Article
Terminology of rectal cancer staging
The terminology used in describing the stage and features of rectal cancer staging is based on using abbreviations and prefixes to denote the specific stage identifier, modality of assessment and the patient's position in the treatment journey 1.
Terminology
Abbreviations and letters used in s...
Article
de Carvalho index (knee)
The de Carvalho index is used to measure patellar height and identify patella alta. Similar to the Caton-Deschamps index, it relies upon the length of the patellar articular surface and its distance from the tibia, reducing erroneous measurements in those with long patella bodies, as measured in...
Article
Pathological fracture risk (Mirels classification)
Mirels classification is a system used to predict the highest risk of pathological fracture among long bones affected by metastases, and is based on site, location, matrix and/or presence of pain.
Classification
1 point
upper limb
involving <1/3 of bone diameter
blastic/sclerotic lesion
m...
Article
WFNS grading system
The WFNS subarachnoid hemorrhage grading system, proposed in 1988 by the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies uses the Glasgow Coma Scale and the presence of focal neurological deficits to grade the clinical severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage 1.
In 2016 a modified grading system was pro...
Article
Stanford classification of aortic dissection
The Stanford classification, along with the DeBakey classification, is used to separate aortic dissections into those that need surgical repair, and those that usually require only medical management 7.
Both the Stanford and DeBakey systems can be used to describe all forms of an acute aortic s...
Article
iNPH Radscale
The iNPH Radscale is a reproducible semiquantified grading scale for the imaging findings of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH).
Scale
The iNPH Radscale uses the following imaging findings on both CT and MRI 1,4:
Evans index
≤0.25: 0 points
0.26-0.3: 1 point
>0.3: 2 points
narrow parieta...
Article
Depositional arthropathy
Depositional arthropathy refers to a group of joint disorders caused by the depositional of substances within and/or around joints.
Diseases include:
crystal arthropathy
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease (CPPD)
gout
hydroxyapatite crystal deposition disease (HADD)
haemop...
Article
Jefferson classification
The Jefferson classification of atlas (C1) fractures describes the sites of fracture.
Classification
The original Jefferson classification had descriptions without numbers 1. The types were later assigned to numbers by some authors but the order has been inconsistent 2,3. Therefore, referring ...
Article
Cervical spine fracture classification systems
There are several cervical spine fracture/injury classification systems. These can be divided by site and are listed below in order of recency:
upper cervical spine (including craniocervical junction) injuries 1
AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries
occipital condyle fractures
T...
Article
Triplane fracture
Triplane or triplanar fractures are of the distal tibia only occurring in adolescents. As the physiological closure of the physeal plate begins medially, the lateral (open) physis is prone to this type of fracture. Most authors regard it as a type 4 Salter-Harris fracture.
It comprises of:
a ...
Article
Canadian Neurological Scale
The Canadian Neurological Scale is a validated tool to evaluate stroke severity 1,2 designed to be performed on patients who are alert or drowsy. Patients who are stuporous or comatose are evaluated with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) instead.
Classification
Section A is completed first. In the ...
Article
Classification systems of Charcot arthropathy
There are several classification systems used to classify Charcot arthropathy. The Eichenholtz classification of Charcot arthropathy is one such classification and uses a temporal-based approach 1. Another classification system is the Brodsky classification which uses an anatomical approach 1. B...
Article
Tillaux fracture
Tillaux fractures are Salter-Harris III fractures through the anterolateral aspect of the distal tibial epiphysis, with variable amounts of displacement.
Epidemiology
It occurs in older children and adolescents when the medial aspect of the distal tibial growth plate has started to fuse.
Path...
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