Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
359 results found
Article
Lateromedial view
The lateromedial view (or LM view) is a supplementary mammographic view where the bucky is placed up against the sternum and the and film is taken in a true lateral projection. This view allows the medial breast to be closest to the film. This view allows the medial breast to be more carefully e...
Article
Mediolateral view
The mediolateral (ML) view is a supplementary mammographic view and shows less breast tissue and pectoral muscle than the mediolateral oblique view (MLO view).
Technique
The tube is rotated 90 degrees and the lateral aspect of the chest wall is along the bucky edge. The height is at the level ...
Article
Craniocaudal view
The craniocaudal view (CC view), along with the MLO view, is one of the two standard projections in a screening mammography. It must show the medial part as well as the external lateral portion of the breast as much as possible.
A correctly performed CC projection may show the pectoral muscle o...
Article
Breast imaging and the technologist
Breast screening and diagnostic programmes cannot exist without the technologists. They play an indispensable role in the acquisition of mammogram and ultrasound images in both screening and diagnostic settings.
The mammogram technologist: the primary responsibility of the "mammo tech" is the ...
Article
Breast calcifications (an approach)
An approach to breast calcifications in terms of imaging evaluation and biopsy aims to distinguish benign from malignant etiologies. This article overviews a general approach to the evaluation of breast calcifications. The types and descriptors of calcifications are detailed separately: breast c...
Article
Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare form of T-cell primary breast lymphoma that has primarily been associated with textured breast implants.
Terminology
In BIA-ALCL, the peri-implant fluid is referred to as an effusion rather than a seroma, as the lat...
Article
Milk of calcium (disambiguation)
The term milk of calcium (MOC) is given to dependent, sedimented calcification within a cystic structure or hollow organ. This sort of colloidal calcium suspension layering can occur in various regions:
renal: milk of calcium in renal cyst (most common)
ureter: milk of calcium in the ureter 7
...
Article
Suture calcification in breast
Suture calcification in breast can be seen after a lumpectomy and/or radiation therapy. It is theorized that tissue damage from radiation therapy delays the resorption of the suture. The residual suture material is thought to act as a nidus for calcification.
Radiographic features
Mammography
...
Article
Comedo-type ductal carcinoma in situ
A comedo-type ductal carcinoma in situ, also known as comedocarcinoma in situ, is a high grade subtype of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). It is the most aggressive of intraductal carcinomas. In 30% of cases it can be multicentric and/or multifocal.
Diagnosis
Comedo-type DCIS is diagnosed hist...
Article
Paget disease (breast)
Paget disease of the breast, which is also known as Paget disease of the nipple, has traditionally been described as a form of breast malignancy characterized by infiltration of the nipple epidermis by malignant cells. Although most cases have underlying focus or foci of in situ or invasive carc...
Article
Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants
Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome) encompasses non-specific symptoms that occur following exposure to inert material (e.g. silicone, aluminum salts), which are thought to trigger an abnormal autoimmune response 1-3. Whether this is association or causation is s...
Article
Fistula
A fistula (plural: fistulae or fistulas) is an abnormal connection between two epithelial surfaces such as between hollow organs, skin or vessels. Conventionally, the name of a specific fistula type is a combination of the two organs. For discussions of specific fistulae please refer to individu...
Article
Sclerosing adenosis
Sclerosing adenosis is a benign proliferative condition of the terminal duct lobular units characterized by an increased number of acini and their glands. It manifests as multiple small, firm, tender nodules, fibrous tissue, and variable microcysts within the breast. It is sometimes placed under...
Article
Adenomatous breast lesions
Adenomatous breast lesions are benign tumors that grow from glandular parenchyma. The breast is a conglomeration of various glandular tissues, hence they can be of several types.
tubular adenoma
lactating adenoma
apocrine adenoma of the breast
pleomorphic adenoma of the breast
ductal adeno...
Article
Sclerosing papilloma (breast)
Sclerosing papillomas of the breast are a subtype of intraductal papilloma of the breast. It is termed when a papillary lesion form well-defined solid masses with a dominant sclerosed architecture 2. It is usually a histological diagnosis and usually cannot be differentiated from a non-sclerosin...
Article
Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia
Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a benign, relatively uncommon form of stromal (mesenchymal) overgrowth within breast tissue that derives from a possible hormonal etiology.
Epidemiology
Typically affects women of reproductive age. It rarely affects males.
Clinical presentation...
Article
Skin thickening on mammography (differential)
The presence of skin thickening on mammography is variably defined, usually being more than 2 mm in thickness. It can result from a number of both benign and malignant causes. They include:
Malignant
inflammatory breast cancer: one of the most concerning causes of skin thickening: this usually...
Article
Giant breast mass
Giant breast masses are defined as breast masses >5 cm and may represent a late presentation of breast pathology, particularly in developing countries. They may be single or multiple and either benign or malignant. Many of the underlying etiologies for giant breast masses are indistinguishable o...
Article
Cutaneous calcifications in breast imaging
Cutaneous calcifications in breast imaging can form in dermal sweat glands after low grade folliculitis and inspissation of sebaceous material. Calcifications may also form in moles and other skin lesions. The vast majority of calcifications are coincidental findings on mammography.
Radiographi...
Article
Complicated breast cyst
Complicated breast cysts are one of the cystic breast lesions that show intracystic debris which may imitate a solid mass appearance. They should be carefully differentiated from a complex cyst and may require alternative management 3.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
thin wall with or withou...
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