Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,114 results found
Article
Testicular seminoma
Testicular seminomas are a type of germ cell tumor and the most common testicular tumor, accounting for ~45% of all primary testicular tumors. This article concerns only testicular seminomas; however, seminomas can arise outside of the testis, most often within the anterior mediastinum (see arti...
Article
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma.
Epidemiology
The average age of onset of sporadic clear cell renal carcinoma is 61 years. In cases associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease, the average age of onset is 37 years 1.
Clinical presentation
Patien...
Article
Leukemia
Leukemia is a hematological neoplasm characterized by the overproduction of immature (blasts) or abnormally differentiated cells of the hematopoietic system in the bone marrow that often, but not always, extends into the peripheral blood.
This article aims to provide an overview of leukemia as...
Article
Zurich pituitary score
The Zurich pituitary score is a quantitative classification of pituitary adenomas based on coronal T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with contrast, although the score can also be obtained with computed tomography.
The Zurich pituitary score is based on the ratio between the horizontal tumo...
Article
Pulmonary hamartoma
Pulmonary hamartomas (alternative plural: hamartomata) are benign neoplasms composed of cartilage, connective tissue, muscle, fat, and bone. It is one of the most common benign lung tumors, accounting for ~8% of all lung neoplasms and 6% of solitary pulmonary nodules.
Terminology
Pulmonary cho...
Article
Ewing sarcoma
Ewing sarcomas are the second most common malignant primary bone tumors of childhood after osteosarcoma, typically arising from the medullary cavity with the invasion of the Haversian system. Ewing sarcomas usually present as moth-eaten, destructive, and permeative lucent lesions in the shaft of...
Article
Cystic adrenal neoplasm
Cystic adrenal neoplasms are uncommon and only account for a minority of cystic adrenal lesions 3. There may be several histological types:
adrenal adenoma 1
adrenal cortical carcinoma 1,2
adrenal epithelioid angiosarcoma 2
pheochromocytoma 1
teratoma (pediatric population) 4
Differential ...
Article
Osteoid osteoma
Osteoid osteomas are benign bone-forming tumors that typically occur in children (particularly adolescents). They have a characteristic lucent nidus <1.5 or 2 cm and surrounding osteosclerotic reaction, which classically causes night pain that is relieved by the use of NSAIDs.
Epidemiology
Ost...
Article
Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma
Pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas are rare exocrine neoplasms that comprise ~1% of all pancreatic tumors. This tumor shows more aggressive behavior than the far more common adenocarcinoma 1,3,4.
Epidemiology
This tumor is most common in pediatric (8-15 years) and adult (60 years) populations. ...
Article
Asbestosis
Asbestosis is an occupational fibrotic lung disease associated with high levels of asbestos fiber inhalation. Fibrosis is lower lobe predominant and can progress. Even without progression the risk of lung cancer is increased. The presence of pleural plaques is variable 10.
Epidemiology
Asbest...
Article
Adenocarcinoma of the lung
Adenocarcinoma of the lung is the most common histologic type of lung cancer. Grouped under the non-small cell carcinomas of the lung, it is a malignant tumor with glandular differentiation or mucin production expressing in different patterns and degrees of differentiation.
This article brings...
Article
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is a type of paraneoplastic syndrome, and manifestation of autoimmune encephalitis, characterized by the progressive onset of cerebellar dysfunction not explained by tumoral invasion, metastasis, or treatment side effects.
Clinical presentation
Cerebellar...
Article
Milan criteria in liver transplantation
The Milan criteria are used to assess suitability in patients for liver transplantation with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with comparable outcomes when compared to patients with liver cirrhosis but without HCC 3.
Usage
The Milan criteria are widely accepted and used, however, t...
Article
Three-territory sign (brain)
The three-territory sign is a radiological sign described in ischemic stroke and is highly specific to hypercoagulability due to malignancy (Trousseau syndrome) being the etiology. However, this sign is not pathognomonic, and may be seen with cardioembolic stroke (e.g. due to atrial fibrillation...
Article
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction squamous cell carcinoma (staging)
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction squamous cell carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of squamous cell carcinoma originating in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the gastric cardia).
Related histologies included in th...
Article
Extramural vascular invasion (EMVI)
Extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) is the direct invasion of a blood vessel (usually a vein) by a tumor. In colorectal cancer, this can occur on a macroscopic level and be detected on staging MRI (mrEMVI) and/or CT 1-6. It is a significant prognostic factor, being a predictor of hematogenous sp...
Article
Spinal astrocytoma
Spinal astrocytomas are the second most common spinal cord tumor, representing 40% of intramedullary tumors 3. They account for 60% of pediatric intramedullary tumors, making them the most common spinal cord tumor in children 6.
This article specifically relates to spinal astrocytomas. For a di...
Article
Synovial sarcoma
Synovial sarcomas are relatively common intermediate-to-high grade malignant soft tissue tumors, often with an initial indolent course, affecting young patients and most commonly involving the soft tissue surrounding the knees.
Epidemiology
Synovial sarcomas typically present in adolescents an...
Article
DICER1 syndrome
DICER1 syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder predisposing individuals to the development of multiple tumor types.
Epidemiology
DICER1 syndrome most commonly manifests in children, adolescents and young adults 8.
Clinical presentation
The clinical presentation will depend on the pa...
Article
Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver
Undifferentiated embryonal sarcomas of the liver are rare, aggressive, and malignant liver tumors encountered in the pediatric population.
Epidemiology
Approximately 90% of cases occur in patients under 15 years of age, most commonly between 6 and 10 years of age, but some cases have been rep...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.