Items tagged “cases”
5,530 results found
Article
Patau syndrome
Patau syndrome (also known as trisomy 13) is considered the 3rd commonest autosomal trisomy.
Patau syndrome, Down syndrome (trisomy 21), and Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) are the only three trisomies compatible with extrauterine life. However, few infants with either Patau or Edwards syndrome l...
Article
Penumbra sign (bone)
In musculoskeletal radiology, the penumbra sign represents a rim of vascularized granulation tissue surrounding a bone abscess cavity, with a higher T1 signal intensity than the cavity itself 1. Presence of the penumbra sign can help distinguish acute osteomyelitis from other malignant and benig...
Article
Piriformis syndrome
Piriformis syndrome is a rare entrapment neuropathy resulting in radicular pain radiating into the buttock and hamstrings. The entity is controversial as are the putative causes.
Clinical presentation
Sciatic pain reproduced on passive internal rotation/adduction of a flexed hip is considered ...
Article
Pituitary stalk abnormal enhancement (differential)
Abnormal nodular enhancement of the pituitary stalk can be seen in a number of entities.
Differential diagnosis
tumors
germinoma
craniopharyngioma
hypothalamic glioma
pituitary lymphoma
pituicytoma
granular cell tumor of the pituitary (pituitary choristoma)
pilocytic astrocytoma of the...
Article
Pleural mouse
A pleural mouse (plural: pleural mice), also known as a fibrin body is a 1-2 cm mobile rounded clump of fibrin left over after resolution of a pleural effusion 1.
Article
Pneumatized dorsum sella
Pneumatization of the dorsum sella is not uncommon, but needs to be remembered as an unusual site of sinus disease, which otherwise may be mistaken for intracranial of pituitary disease.
Article
Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes
Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes (PAS) are a rare set of diseases characterized by the presence of ≥2 autoimmune endocrine disease.
Pathology
Three types of PAS have been described.
PAS type I
a.k.a. APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy) or MEDAC (mu...
Article
Polyposis syndromes
The polyposis syndromes are disorders in which more than 100 gastrointestinal polyps are present throughout the GI tract:
hereditary
hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAPS)
classic FAP
Gardner syndrome
Turcot syndrome
Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalc...
Article
Portal hypertensive gastroenterocolopathy
Portal hypertensive gastroenterocolopathy is a finding in portal hypertension, whereby chronic portal venous congestion leads to dilatation and ectasia of the submucosal vessels of the stomach (portal hypertensive gastropathy), small bowel (portal hypertensive enteropathy) and/or large bowel (po...
Article
Posterosuperior impingement of the shoulder
Posterosuperior impingement, also known as internal impingement, is a relatively uncommon form of shoulder impingement primarily involving the infraspinatus tendon and the posterosuperior glenoid labrum. It occurs when the shoulder is abducted and externally rotated (ABER position).
Clinical pr...
Article
Pregnancy-related osteonecrosis
Pregnancy-related osteonecrosis, also known as pregnancy-related avascular necrosis, is a common cause of femoral head osteonecrosis. Since the femoral head is relatively deficient in blood supply, it is particularly vulnerable to osteonecrosis.
Pathology
The pathophysiology is thought to be d...
Article
Pseudogestational sac
A pseudogestational sac, also known as a pseudosac or intra-cavitary fluid, is the concept that a small amount of intrauterine fluid in the setting of a positive pregnancy test and abdominal pain could be erroneously interpreted as a true gestational sac in ectopic pregnancy.
The sign was origi...
Article
Pulmonary artery stenosis types
Pulmonary artery stenosis refers to a narrowing of the pulmonary artery or pulmonary trunk and can be classified into several types 1,2:
type I: involving the main pulmonary artery (pulmonary trunk)
type II: involving bifurcation
type III: multiple peripheral stenoses
type IV: central and pe...
Article
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) refers to the abnormal location of gas within the pulmonary interstitium and lymphatics usually due to positive pressure ventilation. It typically results from rupture of overdistended alveoli following barotrauma in infants with respiratory distress syndro...
Article
Pulmonary edema grading
One pulmonary edema grading based on chest radiograph appearances and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is as follows:
grade 0: normal chest radiograph, PCWP 8-12 mmHg
grade 1: shows evidence of upper lobe diversion on a chest radiograph, PCWP 13-18 mmHg
grade 2: shows interstitial ed...
Article
Pyometrium
Pyometrium refers to infection of the endometrial cavity with resulting expansion due to accumulated pus (pyometra).
The postmenopausal demographic are most commonly affected due to the association with uterine malignancy.
Pathology
Etiology
endometritis / pelvic inflammatory disease
uterin...
Article
Ramsay Hunt syndrome
Ramsay Hunt syndrome, also known as herpes zoster oticus or Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2, is shingles of the facial nerve. It is due to reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (VZV) in the geniculate ganglion.
Clinical presentation
Ramsay Hunt syndrome classically presents with a triad of 3,...
Article
Episodic spontaneous hypothermia with hyperhidrosis syndrome
Episodic spontaneous hypothermia with hyperhidrosis syndrome (ESHH) is a rare syndrome characterized by periodic hypothermia and hyperhidrosis. This occurs in the absence of agenesis of the corpus callosum, thus differentiating it from Shapiro syndrome 1.
Epidemiology
Episodic spontaneous hypo...
Article
Reverse bat wing pulmonary opacities
Reverse bat wing pulmonary opacities refer to peripheral opacities of the lungs, sparing the perihilar region. It is a relatively unusual appearance with a fairly narrow differential 1:
common
chronic eosinophilic pneumonia 2,3
organizing pneumonia 3,5
rare
pulmonary contusion: in the setti...
Article
Rhabdomyosarcoma (staging)
Rhabdomyosarcoma staging is based on the Lawrence/Gehan staging system, which comprises of a combination of pretreatment staging and postoperative clinical grouping.
Stage
stage I: orbit, eyelid, head and neck (excluding parameningeal), genitourinary (non-bladder, non-prostate), N0 or 1, M0
s...