Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
89 results found
Article
Common hepatic duct
The common hepatic duct (CHD) is formed by the right and left hepatic ducts junction. It joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct (CBD). It is approximately 4 cm long and 4 mm in diameter, typically.
Together with the cystic duct (laterally) and cystic artery (superiorly), they form ...
Article
Portal vein
The portal vein (PV) (sometimes referred to as the main or hepatic portal vein) is the main vessel in the portal venous system and drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.
Terminology
A portal venous system connects two capillary beds, meaning one organ / organ sys...
Article
Wandering spleen
Wandering spleen is a rare condition in which the spleen migrates from its usual anatomical position, commonly to the lower abdomen or pelvis.
Epidemiology
Wandering spleen is rare, with a reported incidence of <0.5%.
Diagnosis is most commonly made between the ages of 20-40 years and is more...
Article
Celiac artery
The celiac artery, also known as the celiac axis or celiac trunk, is a major splanchnic artery in the abdominal cavity supplying the foregut. It arises from the abdominal aorta and commonly gives rise to three branches: left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery.
Gross anat...
Article
Labeled imaging anatomy cases
This article lists a series of labeled imaging anatomy cases by body region and modality.
Brain
CT head: non-contrast axial
CT head: non-contrast coronal
CT head: non-contrast sagittal
CT head: non-contrast axial with clinical questions
CT head: angiogram axial
CT head: angiogram coronal
...
Article
Situs inversus
Situs inversus, (rare plural: sitūs inversi) short form of the Latin “situs inversus viscerum”, is a term used to describe the inverted position of chest and abdominal organs.
Terminology
The condition is called situs inversus totalis when there is a total transposition of abdominal and thorac...
Article
Phrygian cap
Phrygian caps are the most common congenital anatomic variant of the gallbladder. It denotes folding of the fundus back upon the gallbladder body and is asymptomatic with no pathological significance.
Radiographic findings
A Phrygian cap may be identified on ultrasound, multiphase CT/MRI, or c...
Article
Pancreatic ducts
The exocrine pancreas drains into the gastrointestinal tract via the main and accessory pancreatic ducts. Several anatomical variations of the typical ductal drainage pattern exist, reflecting variations in the embryological development and fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds 13,14....
Article
Common bile duct
The common bile duct (CBD), which is sometimes simply known as the bile duct, is formed by the union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct (CHD).
Terminology
On ultrasound, it is not always possible to confidently see where the cystic duct enters the common hepatic duct to form the common...
Article
Pancreatic duct diameter
The diameter of the (main) pancreatic duct is a commonly assessed parameter in imaging.
Gross anatomy
The duct diameter is greatest at the head and neck region and is slightly narrower towards the body and tail. Its normal reported value ranges between 1-3.5 mm in <50 year old and 2-5 mm in 70...
Article
Gallbladder agenesis
Agenesis of the gallbladder describes the rare congenital absence of the gallbladder.
Epidemiology
overall incidence is estimated at <0.1% (range 0.04-0.1%)
gender:
reported 3:1 female predominance of symptomatic cases
equivalent gender distribution in autopsy cases
Associations
Gallblad...
Article
Meandering main pancreatic duct
Meandering main pancreatic duct (MMPD) denotes a main pancreatic duct that drains normally into the major papilla but performs a hairpin turn (reverse Z-type) or loop (loop-type) in the pancreatic head, in contradistinction to the smooth curvature seen in most cases.
These ductal variants are f...
Article
Hepatocystic triangle
The hepatocystic triangle (or Calot triangle) is a small triangular space at the porta hepatis of surgical importance as it is dissected during cholecystectomy. Its contents, the cystic artery and cystic duct, must be identified before ligation and division to avoid intraoperative injury.
Gros...
Article
Hepatic stellate cells
Hepatic stellate cells present in the perisinusoidal space of Disse between the fenestrated sinusoidal endothelial cell layer and hepatic epithelial cells, store vitamin A. They participate in liver development and regeneration if activated by damage such as after chronic hepatitis by producing ...
Article
Pancreas
The pancreas (plural: pancreata) is an unpaired, mostly retroperitoneal organ that has endocrine and exocrine functions, with a role in glucose metabolism and digestion.
Gross anatomy
Location
The pancreas is located at approximately the L1-L2 vertebral level in the anterior pararenal space o...
Article
Pancreas divisum
Pancreas divisum represents a variation in pancreatic ductal anatomy that can be associated with abdominal pain and idiopathic pancreatitis. It is characterized, in the majority of cases, by the dorsal pancreatic duct (i.e. main pancreatic and Santorini ducts) directly entering the minor papilla...
Article
Beaver tail liver
Beaver tail liver, also known as a sliver of liver, is a variant of hepatic morphology where an elongated left liver lobe extends laterally to contact and often surround the anterior aspect of the spleen 2.
Beaver tail liver is more common in females. The parenchyma is normal and therefore has ...
Article
Omentum
An omentum is a double layer of peritoneum that attaches the stomach to another viscus:
the greater omentum hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach like an apron
the lesser omentum attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver superiorly
Gross anatomy
Greater omentum
The...
Article
Multiple gallbladders
Multiple gallbladders are a rare anatomic anomaly characterized by the presence of one or more accessory gallbladder.
Epidemiology
Prevalence demonstrates regional variation between 1 in 50 (India) to 1 in 3800 (USA) 4.
Clinical presentation
Multiple gallbladders are typically found incident...
Article
Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped musculomembranous sac located along the undersurface of the liver. It functions to accumulate and concentrate bile between meals.
Gross anatomy
The normal adult gallbladder measures from 7-10 cm in length and 3-4 cm in transverse diameter 6. The gallbladder com...
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