Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
3,362 results found
Article
Foramen of Magendie
The foramen of Magendie, also known as the median aperture, is one of the foramina in the ventricular system and links the fourth ventricle and the cisterna magna. It is one of the three sites that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can leave the fourth ventricle and enter the subarachnoid space. The two...
Article
Rule of 4 of the brainstem
The rule of 4 of the brainstem elegantly simplifies and explains the anatomy of the brainstem and the basis for various brainstem stroke syndromes. This article summarizes the original four rules 1-3, associated important clinical deficits, important exceptions, and provides two examples of thei...
Article
Fornix (brain)
The fornix (plural: fornices) is the main efferent system of the hippocampus and an important part of the limbic system. It is one of the commissural fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres.
Gross anatomy
Roughly C-shaped, the fornix extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies of ...
Article
Branchial apparatus
The branchial (or pharyngeal) apparatus is the complex region in the developing embryo between the head and chest that develops in the fourth week and provides bilateral ridges and valleys that subsequently develop into numerous anatomic structures of the head, face, palate and anterior neck. Th...
Article
Conus medullaris
The conus medullaris is the tapered inferior-most part of the spinal cord to which is attached the filum terminale.
Gross anatomy
The conus medullaris is conical in shape, tapering from the distal spinal cord to a narrow point from which a delicate strand of fibrous tissue called the filum ter...
Article
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is the part of the central nervous system found within the vertebral column's spinal canal. The cord extends from the corticomedullary junction at the foramen magnum of the skull down to the tip of the conus medullaris within the lumbar cistern. It is lined by the spinal pia mate...
Article
Skull
The skull (TA: cranium) is the superior-most part of the human skeleton and houses the brain and includes the skeletal elements of the face. It consists of numerous bones connected to each other by sutures which renders them immobile.
Terminology
Variability in which bones to include and how t...
Article
Ulnar artery
The ulnar artery is a terminal branch of the brachial artery, arising at the proximal aspect of the forearm. Along with the radial artery, it is one of the main arteries of the forearm.
Summary
origin: terminal branch of the brachial artery
location: inferior aspect of the cubital fossa
sup...
Article
Radial artery
The radial artery is a terminal branch of the brachial artery and arises at the cubital fossa of the forearm. It is one of the two main arteries of the forearm, along with the ulnar artery.
Summary
origin: terminal branch of the brachial artery
location: inferior aspect of the cubital fossa
...
Article
Deep palmar arch
The deep palmar arch is the terminal branch of the radial artery, usually forming an anastomosis with the ulnar artery 1.
The radial artery enters the palm in between the oblique and transverse heads of adductor pollicis muscle, coursing across the palm approximately 1 cm proximal to the superf...
Article
Superficial palmar arch
The superficial palmar arch originates as the terminal branch of the ulnar artery, distal to the flexor retinaculum 1. It is located superficial to the long flexor tendons of the digits and deep to the palmar aponeurosis.
The superficial palmar arch travels distally, then laterally across the m...
Article
Arterial supply to the hand
The arterial supply to the hand is comprised of a complex vascular network formed from the branches and distal continuations of the radial and ulnar arteries. This rich vascular network can be divided into palmar and dorsal components.
Palmar arterial supply
The palmar arterial supply can be d...
Article
Iliolumbar ligament
The iliolumbar ligament is a strong band of connective tissue which courses from the transverse process of L5 (in over 96% of cases) to the posterior iliac wing and crest of the ilium. It functions to maintain the alignment of L5 on the sacrum during various movements 1,2.
It is an important la...
Article
Recurrent artery of Heubner
Recurrent artery of Heubner, also known as the medial striate artery or long central artery, is the largest perforating branch from the proximal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and is the only one routinely seen on angiography.
Gross anatomy
Origin and course
The origin is from the anterior ce...
Article
Crista terminalis
The crista terminalis is a smooth muscular ridge in the superior aspect of the right atrium, formed following resorption of the right valve of the sinus venosus. It represents the junction between the sinus venarum, the "smooth" portion of the right atrium derived from the embryologic sinus veno...
Article
Interarterial course of the right coronary artery
Interarterial course of the right coronary artery may occur if the right coronary artery (RCA) has an aberrant origin from the left coronary sinus. The interarterial course occurs because the artery passes between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk.
It is an uncommon anatomic variant w...
Article
Calcaneonavicular coalition
Calcaneonavicular coalition is one of the two most common subtypes of the tarsal coalition, the other being talocalcaneal coalition. As with any coalition, it may be osseous (synostosis), cartilaginous (synchondrosis) or fibrous (syndesmosis).
Radiographic features
This type of coalition is mo...
Article
Sternoclavicular joint
The sternoclavicular joint is a synovial joint between the medial clavicle, manubrium and the first costal cartilage that joins the upper limb with the axial skeleton.
Gross anatomy
There are two non-congruent articular surfaces forming a saddle joint 3:
medial clavicle: larger of the two
c...
Article
Interrupted aortic arch
Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is an uncommon congenital cardiovascular anomaly where there is a separation between the ascending and descending aorta. It can either be complete or connected by a remnant fibrous band. An accompanying large ventricular septal defect (VSD) and/or patent ductus arte...
Article
Talus
The talus (plural: tali 4), historically known as the astragalus, is a tarsal bone in the hindfoot that articulates with the tibia, fibula, calcaneus, and navicular bones. It has no muscular attachments and around 60% of its surface is covered by articular cartilage.
Gross anatomy
The talus h...
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