Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
719 results found
Article
Periportal hyperechogenicity
Periportal hyperechogenicity can result from many causes including:
pneumobilia
cholecystitis
schistosomiasis of the portal region
recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (oriental)
inflammatory bowel disease: has been described to give "echo-rich" periportal cuffing 2
See also
periportal hypoech...
Article
Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver
Undifferentiated embryonal sarcomas of the liver are rare, aggressive, and malignant liver tumors encountered in the pediatric population.
Epidemiology
Approximately 90% of cases occur in patients under 15 years of age, most commonly between 6 and 10 years of age, but some cases have been rep...
Article
Sonographic halo sign (disambiguation)
Sonographic halo sign can be useful in a number of situations:
hypoechoic halo sign (also known as target or bull's eye sign) in liver metastases: used in hepatobiliary imaging, is a concerning feature for malignant lesion if the lesion is a hyperechoic liver lesion 1,2
ultrasound halo in angi...
Article
Pancreatic duct diameter
The diameter of the (main) pancreatic duct is a commonly assessed parameter in imaging.
Gross anatomy
The duct diameter is greatest at the head and neck region and is slightly narrower towards the body and tail. Its normal reported value ranges between 1-3.5 mm in <50 year old and 2-5 mm in 70...
Article
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication that usually occurs in new-onset and established type 1 diabetic patients due to a state of severe insulin deficiency. This condition is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and ketonuria.
Epidemiology
Diabetic ket...
Article
Gallbladder agenesis
Agenesis of the gallbladder describes the rare congenital absence of the gallbladder.
Epidemiology
overall incidence is estimated at <0.1% (range 0.04-0.1%)
gender:
reported 3:1 female predominance of symptomatic cases
equivalent gender distribution in autopsy cases
Associations
Gallblad...
Article
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy, also known as acute hyperammonemic encephalopathy or portosystemic encephalopathy, refers to a spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities occurring in patients with liver dysfunction and portal hypertension. It results from exposure of the brain to excessive amounts of am...
Article
Meandering main pancreatic duct
Meandering main pancreatic duct (MMPD) denotes a main pancreatic duct that drains normally into the major papilla but performs a hairpin turn (reverse Z-type) or loop (loop-type) in the pancreatic head, in contradistinction to the smooth curvature seen in most cases.
These ductal variants are f...
Article
Sessile
Sessile is a pathological term which is used for lesions that are attached by their base, that is they lack a stalk i.e. are not pedunculated. It is most commonly used for intraluminal polyps in the GI tract.
History and etymology
Sessile is derived from the Latin word "sessilis" which means s...
Article
Hepatocystic triangle
The hepatocystic triangle (or Calot triangle) is a small triangular space at the porta hepatis of surgical importance as it is dissected during cholecystectomy. Its contents, the cystic artery and cystic duct, must be identified before ligation and division to avoid intraoperative injury.
Gros...
Article
Hepatic stellate cells
Hepatic stellate cells present in the perisinusoidal space of Disse between the fenestrated sinusoidal endothelial cell layer and hepatic epithelial cells, store vitamin A. They participate in liver development and regeneration if activated by damage such as after chronic hepatitis by producing ...
Article
Glycogen storage disease
Glycogen storage disease (GSD) refers to a number of syndromes which are characterized by a defect in synthesis, metabolism or storage of glycogen.
Pathology
There are many types of GSD:
type I: von Gierke disease
type II: Pompe disease
type III: Cori or Forbes disease
type IV: Andersen di...
Article
Biliary cystadenocarcinoma
Biliary cystadenocarcinomas are rare cystic hepatic neoplasms. They can be thought of as a malignant counterpart of biliary cystadenomas.
Epidemiology
There is recognized increased female predilection. Its incidence peak is around 60 years of age.
Clinical presentation
The clinical symptoms ...
Article
Biliary cystadenoma
Biliary cystadenomas, also known as mucinous cystic neoplasms of the liver, are uncommon benign cystic neoplasms of the liver.
Epidemiology
Biliary cystadenomas occur predominantly in middle-aged patients and are more common in women 1.
Clinical presentation
The clinical presentation of bili...
Article
Water lily sign (hydatid cyst)
The water lily sign, also known as the camalote sign, is seen in hydatid infections when there is detachment of the endocyst membrane which results in floating membranes within the pericyst that mimic the appearance of a water lily.
It is classically described on plain radiographs (mainly chest...
Article
Gallbladder sludge
Gallbladder sludge, also known as biliary sand, biliary sediment, or thick bile, is a mixture of particulate matter and bile, normally seen as a fluid-fluid level in the gallbladder on ultrasound, corresponding to the precipitate of bile solutes.
Terminology
The term biliary microlithiasis is...
Article
Pancreas
The pancreas (plural: pancreata) is an unpaired, mostly retroperitoneal organ that has endocrine and exocrine functions, with a role in glucose metabolism and digestion.
Gross anatomy
Location
The pancreas is located at approximately the L1-L2 vertebral level in the anterior pararenal space o...
Article
Pancreas divisum
Pancreas divisum represents a variation in pancreatic ductal anatomy that can be associated with abdominal pain and idiopathic pancreatitis. It is characterized, in the majority of cases, by the dorsal pancreatic duct (i.e. main pancreatic and Santorini ducts) directly entering the minor papilla...
Article
Niemann-Pick disease type B
Niemann-Pick disease type B (NPD-B), along with Niemann-Pick disease type A (NPD-A), is an autosomal recessive disorder due to acid sphingomyelinase deficiency resulting in abnormal storage of sphingomyelin.
Common manifestation of NPD-B includes hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and variab...
Article
AAST injury scoring scales
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) injury scoring scales are the most widely accepted and used system of classifying and categorizing traumatic injuries. Injury grade reflects severity, guides management, and aids in prognosis. 32 different injury scores are available (c. ...
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