Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
336 results found
Article
Deauville five-point scale
The Deauville five-point scale (Deauville 5PS) is an internationally-recommended scale for routine clinical reporting and clinical trials using FDG PET-CT in the initial staging and assessment of treatment response in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL).
Incl...
Article
Reactive vs malignant lymph nodes (ultrasound features)
A number of sonographic features are helpful in distinguishing reactive versus malignant lymph nodes.
Grey scale features
Features that favor reactive/infective nodes over malignancy include:
nodal matting
surrounding soft tissue edema
Doppler features
Doppler examination is particu...
Article
Osteosclerosing myeloma
Osteosclerosing (or osteosclerotic) myeloma is an uncommon form of multiple myeloma. It may manifest as multiple sclerotic lesions or areas of diffuse osteosclerosis 3. It once was considered in the same spectrum of plasma cell dyscrasias with polyneuropathy as POEMS syndrome but is now consider...
Article
Dyscrasia
Dyscrasia (plural: dyscrasias) was used historically in medicine to refer to an imbalance of the four bodily humors 1. It is now used as a synonym for disease, and is only found as part of the terms "blood dyscrasia" or "plasma cell dyscrasia".
Blood dyscrasia refers to any disease of the blood...
Article
Zebra spleen
Zebra spleen, also referred to as psychedelic spleen, tigroid splenic enhancement or more correctly inhomogeneous splenic enhancement, refers to the transient heterogeneous parenchymal enhancement of the spleen during the arterial or early portal venous phases of contrast enhancement in CT, MRI,...
Article
Hypovitaminosis K
Hypovitaminosis K (also known as vitamin K deficiency) is caused by a lack of vitamin K in the body.
Clinical presentation
The main symptoms and signs are related to clotting dyscrasia as vitamin K is vital as a cofactor for the enzymatic activation of several key components of the clotting p...
Article
Unicentric Castleman disease
Unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) is considered the more common form of Castleman disease and involves one or more enlarged lymph nodes in a single region of the body that demonstrates histopathologic features that have features of Castleman disease. A subset of patients can have systemic sympt...
Article
Primary hypercoagulable states
Primary hypercoagulable states are those situations where patients have laboratory (genetic) abnormalities resulting in clinical conditions that are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis (prothrombotic states) or have recurrent thrombosis without recognisable predisposing factors (thro...
Article
Lymph node enlargement
Lymph node enlargement (rarely lymphadenomegaly) is often used synonymously with lymphadenopathy, which is not strictly correct.
Terminology
Lymphadenopathy (or adenopathy) is, if anything, a broader term than lymph node enlargement, referring to any pathology of lymph nodes, not necessarily r...
Article
Splenic ultrasound
Splenic ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize and assess the size, shape, structure, and potential abnormalities of the spleen.
Indication
trauma: splenic injuries resulting from accidents, sports injuries, or any other form of...
Article
Fat-containing splenic lesions
Fat-containing splenic lesions are rare, and the differential diagnosis is limited.
Differential diagnosis
Neoplastic
splenic hamartoma 1
splenic myelolipoma 2
splenic lipoma
splenic liposarcoma 3
splenic angiomyolipoma
Non-neoplastic
Non-mass and pseudo-lesions may also occasionally co...
Article
Splenomegaly
Splenomegaly refers to enlargement of the spleen. The upper limit of the normal adult splenic length is traditionally cited at 12 cm, but lengths upwards of 14 cm can be seen in normal, taller males 7.
Terminology
Massive splenomegaly is variably defined, including when the spleen is 5 standar...
Article
Lupus anticoagulant
Lupus anticoagulant refers to an immunoglobulin that binds to phospholipids and proteins associated with cell membranes. The name lupus "anticoagulant" is in fact a misnomer as it is a prothrombotic agent. Patients with lupus anticoagulant have a primary hypercoagulable state and a greater prope...
Article
Sickle cell disease (acute chest syndrome)
Acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease is a leading thoracic complication - as well as leading cause of mortality - in those affected by sickle cell disease. The diagnosis is made on the combination of new pulmonary opacities on chest radiograph with at least one new clinical symptom or sig...
Article
Lymphoma
Lymphoma (historically lymphosarcoma was used for diffuse forms of the disease) is a malignancy arising from lymphocytes or lymphoblasts. Lymphoma can be restricted to the lymphatic system or can arise as extranodal disease. This, along with variable aggressiveness results in a diverse imaging a...
Article
Hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis is an iron overload disorder characterized by a progressive increase in total body iron stores and deposition of iron in some non-reticuloendothelial system (RES) body organs which results in some instances of organ dysfunction.
This article focuses on the general principles of ...
Article
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the proliferation of mostly mature but abnormal leukocytes.
Epidemiology
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is considered the most common type of leukemia in the Western hemisphere; its prevalence in Europe and North ...
Article
Renal lymphoma
Renal lymphoma is usually a part component of multi-systemic lymphoma. Primary renal lymphoma is defined as lymphoma involving the kidney exclusively without any manifestation of extra-renal lymphatic disease 3-5. Typical imaging findings are multiple bilateral hypodense or infiltrative renal ma...
Article
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+/ALK-)
Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are group of mature T-cell lymphoma first described in 1985 as a large-cell neoplasm with anaplastic morphology immunostained by the Ki-1 antibody, which recognizes CD30.
The WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors recognizes three distinct entities:
...
Article
Anti Sjögren syndrome related antigen antibodies
Anti Sjögren’s syndrome related antigen antibodies are a group of antibodies against autoantigens which include
Ro/SSA
anti-Ro52
anti-Ro60
La/SSB
They are currently thought to be associated a number of autoimmune conditions.
They were originally identified in patients with
Sjögren syndrom...
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