Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,897 results found
Article
Immune mediated necrotizing myopathy
Immune mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is classified as a form or myopathy and sometimes a form of myositis.
Epidemiology
Associations
interstitial lung disease - anti-SRP autoantibody associated interstitial lung disease 3
cardiomyopathy 7
Clinical presentation
It is clinically chara...
Article
Stenogyria
Stenogyria refers to a pathological condition in which shallow sulci separate multiple "narrow gyri" 1. It is often reported in association with Chiari type II malformation. It differs from polymicrogyria because the cortex is histologically normally organized. Moreover in stenogyria, the genera...
Article
Cervical spine protocol (MRI)
The MRI cervical spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the cervical spine.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the cervical spine. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, specif...
Article
Hutson loop
A Hutson loop, also known as an access loop, is variation of the Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy whereby a longer segment of jejunum is used to construct the hepatobiliary limb, and the upstream end is tacked to the anterior abdominal wall ("stomatization") 4.
The goal is to simplify future end...
Article
Truncus arteriosus
Truncus arteriosus is a cyanotic congenital heart anomaly in which a single trunk supplies both the pulmonary and systemic circulation, instead of a separate aorta and a pulmonary trunk. It is usually classified as a conotruncal anomaly.
It accounts for up to 2% of congenital cardiac anomalies ...
Article
Investigating cauda equina syndrome (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is the compression of nerve roots within the cauda equina and a medical emergency that requires prompt diagnosis, investigation and treatment if the prognosis is to be anything other than bleak 1...
Article
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction is characterized by an abnormal relationship between the disc and the adjacent articular surfaces (condyle below with mandibular fossa and articular eminence above).
Epidemiology
TMJ dysfunction is far more common in women (F:M 8:1).
Clinical present...
Article
Gastric neuroendocrine tumor
Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (GNETs), previously known as gastric carcinoids, are rare primary neoplasms that arise from enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa.
Epidemiology
GNETs account for less than 2% of all gastric neoplasms and up to 10% of all gastrointestinal neuroendocrine...
Article
Legacy cases
Legacy cases are those that do not meet current case publishing guidelines, including image preparation, but are still of educational value, usually evidenced as inclusion in multiple playlists or articles.
These cases can be tagged "legacy" and the following caveat can be included in a free t...
Article
Notch sign (disambiguation)
There are many so-called notch signs. They include:
focal notch in the wall (or tail extending from) a 2nd branchial cleft cyst between the internal and external carotid arteries
peripheral notches in the contour of a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) suggests malignancy
thymic notch sign
late...
Article
Carotid artery tortuosity
Carotid artery tortuosity is the elongation of the extracranial carotid arteries with redundancy and/or altered course, which may present on imaging as kinking, coiling, and/or looping 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Carotid artery tortuosity is mostly (~80%) asymptomatic. When symptomatic (~12.5%,...
Article
Red degeneration of a leiomyoma
Red degeneration, also known as carneous degeneration, is one of four main types of degeneration that can involve a uterine leiomyoma. While it is an uncommon type of degeneration, it is thought to be the most common form of degeneration of a leiomyoma during pregnancy 3.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Interval breast cancer
Interval breast cancer is a term given to cancers detected/presenting within 12 months after a mammographic screening in which findings are considered normal 2. The term is a statistical benchmark used in conjunction with other parameters to assess the efficacy of breast imaging programmes and t...
Article
Anastamoses between internal and external carotid arteries
Multiple, highly-variable anastomoses exist between the internal and external carotid arteries. These anastomoses may not be evident on non-invasive imaging or even catheter angiography, and may only be demonstrable with elevated intra-arterial pressures or high-flow states.
Internal carotid ar...
Article
Tetanus
Tetanus is a rare vaccine-preventable disease caused by Clostridium tetani, a ubiquitous soil bacterium which contaminates open wounds. It secretes a powerful neurotoxin which degrades neuromuscular junction function, producing muscle spasms and, despite intensive intervention, is often fatal.
...
Article
Notch sign (primary CNS lymphoma)
The notch sign refers to an abnormally deep depression at the tumor margin in contrast-enhanced MRI in primary CNS lymphoma 1. It is not an uncommon sign in primary CNS lymphoma and can be seen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. It suggests an irregular growth pattern as wel...
Article
Meynert's commissure
Meynert’s commissure, also known as dorsal supraoptic commissure, is one of three white matter tracts that comprise the supraoptic commissure 1,2. The remaining two tracts that comprise the supraoptic commissure are Gudden’s commissure (ventral supraoptic decussation) and the anterior hypothalam...
Article
Voriconazole-induced periostitis
Voriconazole-induced periostitis is similar to fluorosis and is most likely due to the high fluoride content in the drug. The side-effect is related to the dose and duration of treatment and resolves rapidly after drug cessation 1.
Epidemiology
Voriconazole-induced periostitis primarily occurs...
Article
X-marks-the-spot sign (large bowel volvulus)
The X-marks-the-spot sign of large bowel volvulus refers to the crossing loops of the bowel at the site of the transition. It has been reported to improve diagnostic confidence in detecting cecal and sigmoid volvulus. This is in contrast to the split-wall sign which indicates partial obstruction...
Article
Perineum
The perineum is a diamond-shaped region below the pelvic diaphragm and is divided by an imaginary line drawn between the ischial tuberosities into anteriorly the urogenital triangle and posteriorly the anal triangle.
Gross anatomy
The perineum is bounded by the pubis anteriorly, the ischial tu...
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