Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,869 results found
Article
Dynamic hip screw
A dynamic hip screw (DHS) is a femoral head-sparing orthopedic device used to treat femoral neck fractures. It is sometimes referred to as a pin and plate.
Femoral neck fractures that are undisplaced and hence have a low risk of osteonecrosis (Garden I and II fractures) can be treated with head...
Article
Mauclaire disease
Mauclaire disease, also known as Dietrich disease, is a rare disease and refers to osteonecrosis of the metacarpal heads, which usually appears between the ages of 13 and 18 years 1,2. This condition may lead to early closure of the epiphyseal growth plate and growth disturbance of the involved ...
Article
Pontine arteries
The pontine branches are the small arterial branches of the basilar artery that supply the pons and structures adjacent to the pons.
There are usually 3-5 paired arterial branches which are located in the mid-basilar region between the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and the superior cerebe...
Article
Focal nodular hyperplasia
Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a regenerative mass lesion of the liver and the second most common benign liver lesion (the most common is a hemangioma). Many focal nodular hyperplasias have characteristic radiographic features on multimodality imaging, but some lesions may be atypical in app...
Article
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction (MI), colloquially known as a heart attack, an acute coronary syndrome, results from interruption of myocardial blood flow and resultant ischemia and is a leading cause of death worldwide.
Epidemiology
Risk factors
male > females
age
>45 years for males
>55 years for...
Article
Spin echo sequences
Spin-echo pulse sequences are one of the earliest developed and still widely used (in the form of fast spin echo) of all MRI pulse sequences. The pulse sequence timing can be adjusted to give T1-weighted, proton density, and T2-weighted images. Dual echo and multiecho sequences can be used to ob...
Article
Greater arc injury
Greater arc injuries are perilunate fracture-dislocations that are twice as common as lesser arc injuries, which are purely ligamentous perilunate dislocations 1. They account for ~5% of wrist fractures 1. The associated fractures may be trans-radial styloid, trans-scaphoid (most common 4), tran...
Article
Lesser arc injury
Lesser arc injuries are pure ligamentous perilunate dislocations. They are the "baby brother" of greater arc injuries, which have additional fractures of the radial styloid, scaphoid, capitate, triquetrum, and/or ulnar styloid 1.
Article
Lunate fracture
Lunate fractures are carpal injuries that, if left untreated, can result in significant carpal instability.
Epidemiology
Lunate fractures account for around 4% of all carpal fractures 1.
Pathology
Lunate fractures are often secondary to axial loading of the capitate bone. This is seen in fo...
Article
Lateral humeral condyle fracture
Lateral humeral condyle fractures also referred to simply as lateral condyle fractures (in the appropriate context), are relatively common elbow fractures that predominantly occur in children. They may be subtle but are hugely important to diagnose promptly because if they are missed, they tend ...
Article
Pyloric stenosis
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) refers to the idiopathic thickening of gastric pyloric musculature which then results in progressive gastric outlet obstruction.
Epidemiology
Pyloric stenosis is relatively common, with an incidence of approximately 2-5 per 1000 births, and a male predilect...
Article
Left lower lobe collapse
Left lower lobe collapse has distinctive features, and can be readily identified on frontal chest radiographs, provided attention is paid to the normal cardiomediastinal contours. However, the shadow cast by the heart does make it more difficult to see than the right lower lobe collapse.
Some o...
Article
Ultrasound assessment of carotid arterial atherosclerotic disease
Ultrasound assessment of carotid arterial atherosclerotic disease has become the first choice for carotid artery stenosis screening, permitting the evaluation of both the macroscopic appearance of plaques and flow characteristics in the carotid artery.
This article focuses on internal carotid a...
Article
Infrahyoid muscles
The infrahyoid muscles or strap muscles are a group of four paired muscles in the anterior neck below the hyoid bone, within the muscular triangle. They are responsible for depressing the hyoid during swallowing. These muscles can be remembered by the mnemonic "TOSS".
They can be difficult to d...
Article
Breast neoplasms
Breast neoplasms consist of a wide spectrum of pathologies from benign proliferations, high-risk lesions, precursor lesions, to invasive malignancies. This article provides an overview for radiologists, with a focus on breast cancer.
For a summary article for medical students and non-radiologi...
Article
Machine learning
Machine learning is a specific practical application of computer science and mathematics that allows computers to extrapolate information based on observed patterns without explicit programming. A defining characteristic of machine learning programs is the improved performance at tasks such as c...
Article
Focal cortical dysplasia
Focal cortical dysplasias (FCD) represent a heterogeneous group of disorders of cortical formation, which may demonstrate both architectural and proliferative features. They are one of the most common causes of epilepsy and can be associated with hippocampal sclerosis and cortical glioneuronal n...
Article
Aortoesophageal fistula
Aorto-esophageal fistulae are pathologic communications between the aorta and esophagus and result in life-threatening upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. They are fatal in the absence of prompt management.
Epidemiology
Aortoesophageal fistulas are a rare entity that accounts for approximately...
Article
Wilbrand knee (optic radiation)
The Wilbrand knee refers to a small anterior loop of axons from the medial retina passing a short distance into the contralateral prechiasmatic optic nerve after decussating in the optic chiasm. It is said to account for the occurrence of the junctional scotoma caused by lesions at the junction ...
Article
Essex-Lopresti fracture-dislocation
Essex-Lopresti fracture-dislocation is characterized by a fracture of the radial head, dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint and rupture of the antebrachial interosseous membrane 3.
Epidemiology
As little as 20% of Essex-Lopresti fracture-dislocations are recognized at the time of initial...
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