Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,879 results found
Article
Anterior corticospinal tract
The anterior corticospinal tract is formed at the level of the of the medullary pyramids, where the majority (90%) of descending corticospinal tract fibers decussate to form the lateral corticospinal tract. The remaining non-decussating fibers (10%) form the much smaller anterior corticospinal t...
Article
Corticospinal tract
The corticospinal tract (also known as the pyramidal tract) is a descending white matter tract primarily concerned with motor function that extends caudally from the motor cortex to synapse with motor neurons of the spinal cord in the anterior horns.
Gross anatomy
Central connections
Cortico...
Article
Internal capsule
The internal capsule (TA: capsula interna) is a deep subcortical structure that contains a concentration of afferent and efferent white matter projection fibers. Anatomically, this is an important area because of the high concentration of both motor and sensory projection fibers 1,2. Afferent fi...
Article
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, frequently referred to as pancreatic cancer, makes up the vast majority (~90%) of all pancreatic neoplasms and remains a disease with a very poor prognosis and high morbidity.
Epidemiology
Pancreatic cancer accounts for 22% of all deaths due to gastrointestina...
Article
Bickerstaff encephalitis
Bickerstaff encephalitis, also known as Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, is a rare immune-mediated condition, often a phenotype of the anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome.
Epidemiology
Bickerstaff encephalitis is very rare. it typically affects adult patients in early to middle age 4.
Clinical pre...
Article
Miller Fisher syndrome
Miller Fisher syndrome is an immune-mediated condition characterized by the triad of cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, and external ophthalmoplegia. It is believed to represent, along with several other entities, different clinical manifestations of a similar underlying autoimmune disorder, the anti...
Article
Choledochal cyst
Choledochal cysts represent congenital cystic dilatations of the biliary tree. Diagnosis relies on excluding other conditions as a cause of biliary duct dilatation, e.g. tumor, gallstone, inflammation.
Epidemiology
Choledochal cysts are rare, with an incidence of 1:100,000-150,000. Although th...
Article
Fornix (brain)
The fornix (plural: fornices) is the main efferent system of the hippocampus and an important part of the limbic system. It is one of the commissural fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres.
Gross anatomy
Roughly C-shaped, the fornix extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies of ...
Article
Miliary tuberculosis
Miliary tuberculosis is an uncommon pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis.
Pathology
Miliary tuberculosis represents hematogenous dissemination of uncontrolled tuberculous infection and carries a relatively poor prognosis. It is seen in primary and post-primary tuberculosis and may be associ...
Article
Mastectomy
Mastectomy is a surgical treatment for breast cancer in which the entire breast tissue is removed through a surgical procedure as opposed to a wide local excision. Sometimes, adjacent structures, such as lymph nodes, are removed to prevent recurrence or metastasis. In some cases, mastectomy is d...
Article
Foot injection (disambiguation)
Foot injection is a non-specific term often used by patients, about tarsal or metatarsal joint injections and to other procedures which include:
calcaneocuboid joint injection
metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) injection
naviculocuneiform joint injection
plantar fascia injection
plantar fasc...
Article
Vasculitis
Vasculitis describes generalized inflammation of vessels. Vasculitides carry a broad range of clinical presentations and as a whole can involve almost any organ system.
Pathology
Some vasculitides are due to direct vessel injury from an infectious agent. However, a large proportion show eviden...
Article
Dialysis access-associated steal syndrome
Dialysis access-associated steal syndrome or haemodialysis access-related hand ischemia arises as a complication of arteriovenous (AV) access.
Epidemiology
Symptomatic dialysis access-associated steal syndrome has been reported in up to 6% of AV access patients ref. Prevalence is higher in bra...
Article
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (commonly abbreviated to TB, short for tubercle bacillus) encompasses an enormously wide disease spectrum affecting multiple organs and body systems predominantly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A small proportion can also be caused by Mycobacterium bovis through drinking unpa...
Article
Optic neuropathy
Optic neuropathy is a broad term and can result from a variety of causes.
Pathology
genetic
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
compression or trauma (traumatic optic neuropathy)
optic nerve sheath meningioma
progressive diaphyseal dysplasia
thyroid-associated orbitopathy
shear injury
inf...
Article
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative tauopathy that is thought to result from mild repetitive head injury. The diagnosis can only be made by neuropathological examination.
Terminology
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy refers to a specific neuropathological diagnosis, of...
Article
Vestibular neuritis
Vestibular neuritis, also known as acute unilateral vestibulopathy (AUVP) or vestibular neuronitis, refers to presumed inflammation of the vestibular nerve/vestibulocochlear nerve. It can be associated with labyrinthitis.
The vestibular nerve is a large division of cranial nerve eight (CN VIII)...
Article
Rectal cancer response assessment
Assessment of rectal cancer response to therapy, which may be chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination, relies on the synthesis of clinical, endoscopic and radiologic evaluation.
The purpose of neoadjuvant therapy is to downstage the tumor, to facilitate surgical resection, and reduce loca...
Article
Hoffa fracture
Hoffa fracture, also known as Busch-Hoffa fracture, is a type of distal condylar femoral fracture and is characterized by an associated fracture component in the coronal plane.
Epidemiology
While they are rare in absolute numbers, they can account for approximately 40% of intercondylar fractur...
Article
Imperforate hymen
Imperforate hymen is a congenital condition in which the hymen lacks a normal opening.
Epidemiology
It happens in 0.1% of the female population, usually an isolated finding.
Clinical presentation
Primary amenorrhea with cyclic lower abdominal pain during menarche age. An imperforate hymen c...
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