Articles
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2,943 results found
Article
Bickerstaff encephalitis
Bickerstaff encephalitis, also known as Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, is a rare immune-mediated condition, which is often a phenotype of the anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome.
Epidemiology
Bickerstaff encephalitis is very are. it typically affects adult patients in early to middle age 4.
Clin...
Article
Miller Fisher syndrome
Miller Fisher syndrome is an immune-mediated condition characterized by the triad of cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, and external ophthalmoplegia. It is believed to represent, along with a number of other entities, different clinical manifestations of a similar underlying autoimmune disorder, the ...
Article
Optic neuropathy
Optic neuropathy is a broad term and can result from a variety of causes.
Pathology
genetic
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
compression or trauma (traumatic optic neuropathy)
optic nerve sheath meningioma
progressive diaphyseal dysplasia
thyroid-associated orbitopathy
shear injury
inf...
Article
Vestibular neuritis
Vestibular neuritis, also known as acute unilateral vestibulopathy (AUVP) or vestibular neuronitis, refers to presumed inflammation of the vestibular nerve/vestibulocochlear nerve. It can be associated with labyrinthitis.
The vestibular nerve is a large division of cranial nerve eight (CN VIII)...
Article
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative tauopathy that is thought to result from mild repetitive head injury. The diagnosis can only be made by neuropathological examination.
Terminology
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy refers to a specific neuropathological diagnosis, of...
Article
Susceptibility weighted imaging
Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) is an MRI sequence that is particularly sensitive to compounds which distort the local magnetic field and as such make it useful in detecting blood products, calcium, etc.
Physics
SWI is a 3D high-spatial-resolution fully velocity corrected gradient-echo M...
Article
Tubulinopathy
Tubulinopathies refer to a wide spectrum of cortical malformations that result from defects in genes encoding the tubulin protein that regulates neuronal migration during brain development.
Clinical presentation
Some series report a high prevalence of seizures during infancy which may be the i...
Article
Polymorphous low grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young
Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY) is an epileptogenic tumor of children and young adults. They are often considered part of the heterogeneous group of tumors known as long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs).
Terminology
First described in 2016 1, polymorpho...
Article
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an enzyme located within the cytoplasm, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Mutations of the IDH genes are important in a variety of diseases. They form the basis of the classification of diffuse adult-type gliomas in the WHO classification of brain tumors 7 with emer...
Article
Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome
Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome, also known as pituitary stalk transection syndrome, is a syndrome characterized by an absent or hypoplastic anterior pituitary gland, thin or absent infundibulum, and ectopic posterior pituitary location.
Epidemiology
Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome...
Article
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
The spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is one of three major nuclei that make up the trigeminal sensory nerve nuclear complex along with the main sensory nucleus and the mesencephalic nucleus 1,2.
Gross anatomy
The spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is a paired structure and is an infe...
Article
Eye of the tiger sign (globus pallidus)
The eye of the tiger sign refers to symmetric bilateral abnormal low signal on T2-weighted MRI (due to abnormal accumulation of iron) in the globus pallidus with central high signal (due to gliosis and spongiosis).
The eye of the tiger sign is most classically associated with pantothenate kinas...
Article
Decompressive craniectomy
Decompressive craniectomies are craniectomies performed to relieve raised intracranial pressure, most commonly in the setting of florid cerebral edema following cranial trauma or swelling following infarction 1.
History
Craniectomies for the treatment of cranial trauma date back to at least 10...
Article
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a heterogeneous group of autoimmune polyradiculopathies, involving sensory, motor, and autonomic nerves. It is the most common cause of rapidly progressive flaccid paralysis. It is believed to be one of a number of related conditions, sharing a similar underlying...
Article
Anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome
Anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome refers to a spectrum of neurological conditions which share autoantibodies to the ganglioside complex GQ1b, and have overlapping clinical presentations.
Clinical presentation
Typical anti-GQ1b antibody syndromes with ophthalmoplegia include 1,3:
Miller Fisher syn...
Article
Cerebellar hemorrhage
Cerebellar hemorrhages are a common form of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and usually occur due to poorly controlled long-standing hypertension, although other causes also exist. When due to chronic hypertension, the stigmata of chronic hypertensive encephalopathy are often present (see: cerebr...
Article
Pontine hemorrhage
Pontine hemorrhages are a common form of intracerebral hemorrhage, and usually are a result of poorly controlled long-standing hypertension, although also have other causes. When due to chronic hypertension, the stigmata of chronic hypertensive encephalopathy are often present (see cerebral micr...
Article
Basal ganglia hemorrhage
Basal ganglia hemorrhages are a common form of intracerebral hemorrhage, and usually result from poorly controlled long-standing hypertension, although they also have other causes. When due to chronic hypertension, the stigmata of chronic hypertensive encephalopathy are often present (see cerebr...
Article
Thalamic hemorrhage
Thalamic hemorrhages are a common form of intracerebral hemorrhage, and usually are a result of poorly controlled long-standing hypertension, although also have other causes. When due to chronic hypertension, the stigmata of chronic hypertensive encephalopathy are often present (see cerebral mic...
Article
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or intraparenchymal cerebral hemorrhage, is a subset of an intracranial hemorrhage as well as of stroke, defined by the acute accumulation of blood within the brain parenchyma.
This article concerns non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhages; traumatic hemorrhagic c...
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