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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Schistosomiasis (urinary tract manifestations)

Bladder schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia of the bladder, is an infection by the Schistosoma flukeworm and is a major health problem in developing parts of the world predisposing individuals to bladder squamous cell carcinoma. Epidemiology Schistosomiasis is very common, affecting over ...

Arachnoid cyst

Arachnoid cysts are relatively common benign and asymptomatic lesions occurring in association with the central nervous system, both within the intracranial compartment (most common) as well as within the spinal canal. They are usually located within the subarachnoid space and contain CSF. On ...

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome, also known as Wilkie syndrome, cast syndrome or aortomesenteric duodenal compression syndrome, is a rare acquired vascular compression disorder in which acute angulation of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) results in compression of the third part of...

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate

Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the prostate or colloid adenocarcinomas of the prostate are a variant of acinar adenocarcinoma and characterized by mucinous features. Epidemiology Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the prostate are rare and account for less than 0.5% of prostate cancers 1-4. Diagnosis ...

Grids

Grids are placed between the patient and the x-ray film to reduce the scattered radiation reaching the detector (produced mainly by the Compton effect) and thus improve image contrast. They are made of parallel strips of high attenuating material such as lead with an interspace filled with low ...

Choroid plexus papilloma

Choroid plexus papillomas are an uncommon, benign (WHO grade 1) neuroepithelial intraventricular tumor, which can occur in both the pediatric (more common) and adult population. On imaging, these tumors are usually identified in the fourth ventricle in adults and in the lateral ventricles in t...

Superior medullary velum

The superior (or anterior) medullary velum is a thin layer of tissue that is suspended between the superior cerebellar peduncles forming the roof of the fourth ventricle along with the inferior medullary velum. It is enclosed by pia mater dorsally and ependyma ventrally. The lingula of the vermi...

Blumcke classification of focal cortical dysplasia

Blumcke et al. proposed the widely adopted International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) consensus classification system for focal cortical dysplasia in 2011 2, which shares many features with the previously described classification systems by Palmini (2004) and Barkovich (2005). In 2022, an up...

Developmental venous anomaly

Developmental venous anomaly (DVA), also known as cerebral venous angioma, is a congenital malformation of veins which drain normal brain. They were thought to be rare before cross-sectional imaging but are now recognized as being the most common cerebral vascular malformation, accounting for ~5...

Diffuse astrocytoma grading

Grading of diffuse astrocytic tumors in adults has been done according to a number of systems over the years, although by far the most popular now being the WHO grading system. Historically these grading systems focussed on the presence or absence of a number of histological features, although ...

Intramural blood pool (aorta)

Intramural blood pools (IMBPs), also known as aortic branch artery pseudoaneurysms, are small foci of contrast enhancement within a recent aortic intramural hematoma seen on contrast-enhanced CT 2. They are more common in patients whose intramural hematoma thickness exceeds 10 mm. Radiographic ...

Polycystic ovaries

Polycystic ovaries (PCO) or polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) is an imaging descriptor of a particular type of change in ovarian morphology. A proportion of women with polycystic ovaries will have the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which in turn requires additional clinical, as well as b...

Abducens nerve

The abducens nerve is the sixth cranial nerve (CN VI). It is a motor nerve responsible for abduction of the eye (TA: nervus abducens or nervus cranialis VI). It courses from the abducens nucleus, located in the dorsal pons, up to the cavernous sinus, via a long cisternal segment that is prone to...

Focal cortical dysplasia

Focal cortical dysplasias (FCD) represent a heterogeneous group of disorders of cortical formation, which may demonstrate both architectural and proliferative features. They are one of the most common causes of epilepsy and can be associated with hippocampal sclerosis and cortical glioneuronal n...

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), less commonly known as stuck twin syndrome, is a potential complication that can occur in a monochorionic twin pregnancy (either MCDA or MCMA). Epidemiology This complication can occur in ~10% (range 15-25%) of monochorionic pregnancies, giving an est...

Frykman classification of distal radial fractures

The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal u...

Tectal glioma

Tectal gliomas fall under the grouping of childhood brainstem gliomas and unlike the other tumors in that group they are typically low grade astrocytomas with good prognosis. Epidemiology Tectal plate gliomas are encountered in children and adolescents 4. A male predilection has sometimes bee...

Optic neuropathy

Optic neuropathy is a broad term and can result from a variety of causes. Pathology genetic Leber hereditary optic neuropathy compression or trauma (traumatic optic neuropathy) optic nerve sheath meningioma progressive diaphyseal dysplasia thyroid-associated orbitopathy shear injury sku...

Spin (physics)

Spin, an intrinsic quantum property associated with elementary particles, challenges classical intuition by presenting an angular momentum quantized in half-integer (fermions) or integer values (bosons) 1,2. The quantum nature of spin does not imply a physical rotation of particles. Instead, sp...

Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood, most often presenting as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle (at the superior medullary velum) with associated mass-effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical resection, radiation therap...

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