Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
719 results found
Article
CEUS LI-RADS
The Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (CEUS LI-RADS) is a standardized classification system, algorithm, and terminology for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in high-risk patients using CEUS with blood-pool intravenous contrast agents.
The current ver...
Article
Transient hepatic echogenicity differences
Transient hepatic echogenicity differences (THED) are areas of differential enhancement of the liver parenchyma depicted with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) using microbubble intravascular contrast agents. They are equivalent to transient hepatic attenuation differences (THAD) with contrast...
Article
LI-RADS US Surveillance
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Ultrasound Surveillance (LI-RADS US Surveillance) is a standardized system with recommendations for imaging technique, interpretation and reporting for surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using unenhanced ultrasound in patients at high risk for ...
Article
CT/MRI LI-RADS
CT/MRI Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is an algorithm for diagnosing and staging hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (CT/MRI Diagnostic LI-RADS) or assessing the response of HCC to locoregional treatment (CT/MRI Treatment Response LI-RADS) using CT or MRI with extracellular contras...
Article
SRU management guidelines for gallbladder polyps
The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (SRU) consensus recommendation for the management of incidentally detected gallbladder polyps was published in 2021 1.
Usage
The SRU consensus recommendation is one of many guidelines for the management of incidentally detected gallbladder polyps. The ...
Article
Sessile
Sessile is a pathological term which is used for lesions that are attached by their base, that is they lack a stalk i.e. are not pedunculated. It is most commonly used for intraluminal polyps in the GI tract.
History and etymology
Sessile is derived from the Latin word "sessilis" which means s...
Article
Gallbladder lymphoma
Gallbladder lymphoma is exceedingly rare and presents diagnostic challenges due to its imaging characteristics often resembling those of gallbladder adenocarcinoma.
Epidemiology
Primary lymphomas of the gallbladder are extremely rare, accounting for approximately 0.1-0.2% of all malignant tumo...
Article
Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome
Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome (HSES) is a rare pediatric encephalopathy syndrome with a high mortality rate.
Epidemiology
Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome is considered rare, although the exact global incidence and prevalence is not known. The condition occurs in i...
Article
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is a very rare inherited condition characterized by progressive gastrointestinal and neurological dysfunction.
Terminology
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy has been known as a number of different names previousl...
Article
Liver transplantation
Liver transplantation is a major surgical procedure for end-stage liver disease and requires a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach. Radiology plays a major role in the evaluation of patients before and after liver transplantation as well as potential donor patients.
This article does not d...
Article
Sonic hedgehog-activated hepatocellular adenoma
Sonic hedgehog-activated hepatocellular adenomas (sh-HCA) are a subtype of hepatocellular adenomas.
On imaging, it is still mostly diagnosed by exclusion of the other adenomas subtypes and other liver tumors.
Epidemiology
Most of sh-HCA were previously grouped under the unclassified adenomas,...
Article
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the liver
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) of the liver are extremely rare and account for just 0.7% of all hepatic lesions 1.
Refer to the article on inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors for a broad discussion.
Epidemiology
IMTs of the liver are usually frequent in young adults and Asian pe...
Article
Pancreatic cystosis
Pancreatic cystosis is a rare abdominal manifestation of cystic fibrosis characterized by the presence of multiple epithelium-lined macroscopic cysts that replace the pancreatic parenchyma in patients with cystic fibrosis. It is typically an asymptomatic incidental imaging diagnosis and the cyst...
Article
Hepatic stellate cells
Hepatic stellate cells present in the perisinusoidal space of Disse between the fenestrated sinusoidal endothelial cell layer and hepatic epithelial cells, store vitamin A. They participate in liver development and regeneration if activated by damage such as after chronic hepatitis by producing ...
Article
Portal vein duplication
Portal vein duplication is a rare congenital/developmental anomaly.
Clinical presentation
Portal vein duplication is often incidentally diagnosed on imaging, less commonly at laparotomy or autopsy but has been reported to present with portal hypertension, inhomogeneous fatty liver, and liver d...
Article
Deer horn sign
The deer horn sign is a reliable sign and an important diagnostic clue of passive congestive hepatopathy due to heart failure on ultrasonography 1. In the deer horn sign, the head is formed by a dilated inferior cava, and the engorged hepatic veins resemble horns. It has also been described as t...
Article
Compensated advanced chronic liver disease
Compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) is a term that was introduced at the Baveno VI concensus to denominate patients with chronic liver disease who are at risk of developing clinically significant portal hypertension based on liver stiffness values / hepatic elastography.
Article
Rim sign (choledocholithiasis)
The rim sign of choledocholithiasis is a finding seen on contrast-enhanced CT and comprises a faint rim of increased density along the margin of a low-density area of calculus 1.
Article
Steatotic liver disease
Steatotic liver disease includes a number of separate entities:
Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)
formerly known as Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Metabolic alcoholic liver disease (MetALD)
MASLD + alcohol consumption
Alcohol-associated liver diseas...
Article
Pancreatic duct stone
A pancreatic duct stone, also known as calculus, is a stone embedded within the pancreatic ducts. They typically arise in the setting of chronic pancreatitis.
Terminology
Three terms other than pancreatic stones or calculi have been used to refer to calculi in the pancreatic ducts; primarily t...
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